Swift: 정규 표현식

정규 표현식(Regular Expression)

ICU(International Components for Unicode) 정규 표현식 패키지는 유니코드 문자열 데이터에서 정규 표현식 매칭을 적용할 수 있는 API이다.

Swift에서는 ICU 정규식 API를 채택하였으며, 정규 표현식 패턴과 행동(behavior)은 Perl의 정규 표현을 기반으로 한다.

 

 

정규 표현식은 패턴 일치 테스트, 패턴 일치 검색 혹은 교체를 포함한 작업을 지원한다.

 

 

 

정규 표현식 구문, (원문)

Regular Expression Metacharacters

Character Expression	Description
\a	Match a BELL, \u0007
\A	Match at the beginning of the input. Differs from ^ in that \A will not match after a new line within the input.
\b, outside of a [Set]	Match if the current position is a word boundary. Boundaries occur at the transitions between word (\w) and non-word (\W) characters, with combining marks ignored. For better word boundaries, see https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nsregularexpression/options/1411838-useunicodewordboundaries.
\b, within a [Set]	Match a BACKSPACE, \u0008.
\B	Match if the current position is not a word boundary.
\cX	Match a control-X character
\d	Match any character with the Unicode General Category of Nd (Number, Decimal Digit.)
\D	Match any character that is not a decimal digit.
\e	Match an ESCAPE, \u001B.
\E	Terminates a \Q ... \E quoted sequence.
\f	Match a FORM FEED, \u000C.
\G	Match if the current position is at the end of the previous match.
\n	Match a LINE FEED, \u000A.
\N{UNICODE CHARACTER NAME}	Match the named character.
\p{UNICODE PROPERTY NAME}	Match any character with the specified Unicode Property.
\P{UNICODE PROPERTY NAME}	Match any character not having the specified Unicode Property.
\Q	Quotes all following characters until \E.
\r	Match a CARRIAGE RETURN, \u000D.
\s	Match a white space character. White space is defined as [\t\n\f\r\p{Z}].
\S	Match a non-white space character.
\t	Match a HORIZONTAL TABULATION, \u0009.
\uhhhh	Match the character with the hex value hhhh.
\Uhhhhhhhh	Match the character with the hex value hhhhhhhh. Exactly eight hex digits must be provided, even though the largest Unicode code point is \U0010ffff.
\w	Match a word character. Word characters are [\p{Ll}\p{Lu}\p{Lt}\p{Lo}\p{Nd}].
\W	Match a non-word character.
\x{hhhh}	Match the character with hex value hhhh. From one to six hex digits may be supplied.
\xhh	Match the character with two digit hex value hh.
\X	Match a Grapheme Cluster.
\Z	Match if the current position is at the end of input, but before the final line terminator, if one exists.
\z	Match if the current position is at the end of input.
\n	Back Reference. Match whatever the nth capturing group matched. n must be a number ≥ 1 and ≤ total number of capture groups in the pattern.
\0ooo	Match an Octal character.  ooo is from one to three octal digits.  0377 is the largest allowed Octal character. The leading zero is required; it distinguishes Octal constants from back references.
[pattern]	Match any one character from the pattern.
.	Match any character. See https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nsregularexpression/options/1412529-dotmatcheslineseparators and the s character expression in https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nsregularexpression#1965592.
^	Match at the beginning of a line. See https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nsregularexpression/options/1408263-anchorsmatchlines and the \m character expression in https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nsregularexpression#1965592.
$	Match at the end of a line. See https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nsregularexpression/options/1408263-anchorsmatchlines and the m character expression in https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nsregularexpression#1965592.
\	Quotes the following character. Characters that must be quoted to be treated as literals are * ? + [ ( ) { } ^ $

 

 

Regular Expression Operators

Operator	Description
|	Alternation. A | B matches either A or B.
*	Match 0 or more times. Match as many times as possible.
+	Match 1 or more times. Match as many times as possible.
?	Match zero or one times. Prefer one.
{n}	Match exactly n times.
{n,}	Match at least n times. Match as many times as possible.
{n,m}	Match between n and m times. Match as many times as possible, but not more than m.
*?	Match 0 or more times. Match as few times as possible.
+?	Match 1 or more times. Match as few times as possible.
??	Match zero or one times. Prefer zero.
{n}?	Match exactly n times.
{n,}?	Match at least n times, but no more than required for an overall pattern match.
{n,m}?	Match between n and m times. Match as few times as possible, but not less than n.
*+	Match 0 or more times. Match as many times as possible when first encountered. Do not retry with fewer, even if overall match fails (possessive match).
++	Match 1 or more times (possessive match).
?+	Match zero or one times (possessive match).
{n}+	Match exactly n times.
{n,}+	Match at least n times (possessive match).
{n,m}+	Match between n and m times (possessive match).
(...)	Capturing parentheses. Range of input that matched the parenthesized subexpression is available after the match.
(?:...)	Non-capturing parentheses. Groups the included pattern, but does not provide capturing of matching text. Somewhat more efficient than capturing parentheses.
(?>...)	Atomic-match parentheses. First match of the parenthesized subexpression is the only one tried; if it does not lead to an overall pattern match, back up the search for a match to a position before the "(?>"
(?# ... )	Free-format comment (?# comment ).
(?= ... )	Look-ahead assertion. True if the parenthesized pattern matches at the current input position, but does not advance the input position.
(?! ... )	Negative look-ahead assertion. True if the parenthesized pattern does not match at the current input position. Does not advance the input position.
(?<= ... )	Look-behind assertion. True if the parenthesized pattern matches text preceding the current input position, with the last character of the match being the input character just before the current position. Does not alter the input position. The length of possible strings matched by the look-behind pattern must not be unbounded (no * or + operators.)
(?<! ... )	Negative Look-behind assertion. True if the parenthesized pattern does not match text preceding the current input position, with the last character of the match being the input character just before the current position. Does not alter the input position. The length of possible strings matched by the look-behind pattern must not be unbounded (no * or + operators.)
(?ismwx-ismwx:... )	Flag settings. Evaluate the parenthesized expression with the specified flags enabled or -disabled. The flags are defined in Flag Options.
(?ismwx-ismwx)	Flag settings. Change the flag settings. Changes apply to the portion of the pattern following the setting. For example, (?i) changes to a case insensitive match.The flags are defined in Flag Options.

 

 

Template Matching Format

 

Character	Descriptions
$n	The text of capture group n will be substituted for $n. n must be >= 0 and not greater than the number of capture groups. A $ not followed by a digit has no special meaning, and will appear in the substitution text as itself, a $.
\	Treat the following character as a literal, suppressing any special meaning. Backslash escaping in substitution text is only required for '$' and '\', but may be used on any other character without bad effects.

 

 

Flag Options

Flag (Pattern)	Description
i	If set, matching will take place in a case-insensitive manner.
x	If set, allow use of white space and #comments within patterns
s	If set, a "." in a pattern will match a line terminator in the input text. By default, it will not. Note that a carriage-return / line-feed pair in text behave as a single line terminator, and will match a single "." in a regular expression pattern
m	Control the behavior of "^" and "$" in a pattern. By default these will only match at the start and end, respectively, of the input text. If this flag is set, "^" and "$" will also match at the start and end of each line within the input text.
w	Controls the behavior of \b in a pattern. If set, word boundaries are found according to the definitions of word found in Unicode UAX 29, Text Boundaries. By default, word boundaries are identified by means of a simple classification of characters as either “word” or “non-word”, which approximates traditional regular expression behavior. The results obtained with the two options can be quite different in runs of spaces and other non-word characters.